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.hilite {cursor:zoom-in} a:link img.hilite, a:visited img.hilite { color: #fff;} span.wm {text-decoration: underline; text-decoration-skip-ink: none}; I recently saw an interesting die photo of an unknown chip on Twitter, so I did some analysis of it. Looking at the circuitry inside, the chip appears to be four comparators, probably in the ECL (Emitter Coupled Logic) family. This is a quick blog post to summarize my investigation. The die photo below shows the chip under the microscope. Regions of the silicon appear pink, blue, or yellow, depending on how the silicon was doped. The speckled regions are the metal layer on top of the silicon, wiring the circuitry together. Around the edges, the black bond wires connect the chip to the external pins. These wires are attached to the square bond pads. The die has four blocks of circuitry, one for each of its four comparators. Much of the die is unused, especially the large metal area in the middle. Because this chip's circuitry is relatively simple, it only uses a fraction of the available space. [Image]The chip with pins labeled. Click this photo (or any other) for a larger version. Photo courtesy of EvilMonkeyDesignz. The photo below shows the chip with its metal lid removed. Modern chips are usually in a black epoxy package, but this chip has a white ceramic package. The tiny silicon die is visible in the middle, with bond wires connecting the die to the lead frame, the metal connections to the chip's gold-plated pins. The metal layer on top of the die is visible, and can be matched with the die photo above. The semi-circular notch on the left indicates the orientation of the chip; the "P" is pin 1. [Image]The chip with the metal lid removed, showing the tiny silicon die inside. Photo courtesy of EvilMonkeyDesignz. The chip's components Transistors are the key components in a chip. This chip uses a type of transistor called the NPN transistor. The photo below shows a transistor as it appears on the chip. The orange and blue colors are regions of silicon that have been doped differently, forming N and P regions. The speckled areas are the metal layer of the chip on top of the silicon—these form the wires connecting to the transistor's collector, emitter, and base. Underneath the photo is a cross-section drawing showing approximately how the transistor is constructed. There's a lot more than just the N-P-N sandwich you see in books, but if you look carefully at the vertical cross-section below the 'E', you can find the N-P-N that forms the transistor. The emitter (E) wire is connected to N+ silicon. Below that is a P layer connected to the base contact (B). And below that is an N+ layer connected (indirectly) to the collector (C). The emitter, base, and collector can be distinguished on the die with careful examination. The base's region surrounds the emitter, forming a blue rectangle. The collector contact is larger and off to the side. [Image]Structure of an NPN transistor. Top: transistor as it appears on the die. Bottom: cross-section diagram. The other key components of this chip are the resistors. The photo below shows two resistors as they appear on the die. The resistors are formed from strips of higher-resistance P silicon, which appears blue in the die photos. The two ends of each resistor are connected to the metal layer. A resistor has higher resistance if it is longer and narrower. While one resistor below is a simple rectangle, the other has a complex zig-zag shape to fit more length into the available space. (The blue rectangle in the lower right is a transistor, not a resistor. To distinguish it from a resistor, note that it has three contacts, and the two contacts on the rectangle are not symmetrical.) [Image]Two resistors as they appear on the die. The circuitry Once the components can be recognized on the die, the circuit can be traced out and reverse-engineered. But before I describe the complete circuit, I'll explain one important functional block. The schematic below shows a differential pair, or long-tailed pair, which amplifies the difference between its two inputs. This circuit is common in analog circuits, forming the heart of an op-amp. It is also the basis of Emitter-Coupled Logic (ECL). The basic idea is that a current sink (the two circles at the bottom) generates a fixed current I. This current gets split between the left path (I1) and the right path (I2). If the transistor on the left has a higher input voltage than the transistor on the right, most of the current will go to the left. But if the transistor on the right has a higher input, most of the current will go to the right. This circuit amplifies the voltage difference: even a small difference between the two inputs will switch most of the current from one side to the other. [Image]Schematic of a simple differential pair circuit. The current sink sends a fixed current I through the differential pair. If the two inputs are equal, the current is split equally between the two branches. Otherwise, the branch with the higher input voltage gets most of the current. In this chip, the circuit is used as a comparator, a circuit that compares the two inputs and generates a logic output that indicates which input is higher. The side with the current will get pulled low, while the other side is pulled high by the resistor. Thus, the output can be treated as a logic signal. The schematic below shows the circuitry for one of the four comparators on the chip. Note that the differential amplifier circuit above is used twice. For better performance, the output from the first differential amplifier is fed into a second differential amplifier. This sharpens the output: if the inputs are close together, the outputs from the first stage may not be fully "0" or "1". The second stage amplifies this difference, providing solid "0" and "1" outputs. The current sinks provide a relatively constant current for the amplifiers, but I won't explain them in detail. [Image]Schematic of one comparator. The diagram below shows the circuitry on the die, corresponding to the schematic above. The red boxes indicate the transistors for the two amplifier stages and their associated current sinks. The other components are the resistors, which appear as blue rectangles. The wiring in the metal layer connects the components together, as well as the inputs on the left and the output at the top. [Image]One comparator, as it appears on the die. The diagram below shows how the circuitry of the chip maps onto its 16 pins. Each triangle represents a comparator with its positive and negative inputs. Two of the comparators have a single output, while two also have an inverted output (indicated by a bubble). [Image]Reverse-engineered pinout of the chip. Conclusion So what is this chip? Maybe it's simply four comparators, but they could have a specific purpose. The chip could be a converter for four differential input signals, e.g. DCS (Differential Current Switch) logic. Another chip in the family seems to be Emitter-Coupled Logic, so this chip could be four ECL inverters (but it doesn't make sense to have four pins for the reference voltage). It's a bit puzzling that two comparators have inverted and noninverted outputs, while two have single outputs. Based on the circuitry and ceramic packaging of this chip, I estimate that it is from around 1970. The chip is labeled "OQ104", so I did a bunch of searching through old databooks, but I couldn't find anything that matches it. Since the chip looks like ECL and has the part number 104, it's tempting to think that the chip might be the 10,104 part in the MECL 10,000 series. Unfortunately, the 10,104 is a quad AND gate, and the internal circuitry is different. The "P" on the chip might indicate Philips, but I couldn't find any matching Philips components. For now, the exact identity of this chip is a mystery. I announce my latest blog posts on Twitter, so follow me @kenshirriff. Many thanks to EvilMonkeyz Designs for providing the photos; follow on Instagram or Twitter for more interesting die photos.